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Analogical 
Syllabic Shorthand, 



BASED ON THE BENN PITMAN ALPHABET. 



ARRANGED FOR SELF-INSTRUCTION, AND FOR USE IN SHORTHAND 
SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES, 



189,1 



iS^ & / m 



FRANCIS H. HEMPERLEY, 

President Philadelphia Stenographers Association, Editor of 
The Philadelphia Stenographer. 



PRICK, 50 CENTS, 



Copyrighted 1890. 



. 



V 



x x 



Analogical Syllabic Shorthand 



Is not a new system, but rather a new method of acquiring a knowledge 
of practical shorthand writing — the result of nearly thirty years' experience as 
a writer and teacher of the art. 

Its elementary consonant and vowel signs are those in use by the Pitman 
and Graham writers generally. The laws of analogy in the formation of words 
by the union of syllables, have been given special attention. 

The doubling principle takes effect, like that of halving, after a final hook, 
and is also made use of, in phrasing, in connection with straight stems. The 
ed tick permits the retention of primitive word forms in representing the past 
tense of verbs, in many cases not hitherto possible. 

The student should first carefully copy Plate I several times, naming the 
stem forms by the aid of the key, until each syllabic outline is thoroughly 
mastered, after which but little difficulty will be experienced in making practical 
application of the entire system to the work of shorthand writing. Each suc- 
ceeding exercise should be studied in the same manner, and, finally, everything 
should be written over and over again from dictation, and read from the short- 
hand notes. 

It is believed that, for simplicity, ease of writing and certainty in reading, 
this presentation of the useful and beautiful art of shorthand will be found 
excelled by none and equalled by few. 

For additional exemplifications of the method in the various branches of 
professional reporting, the student is respectfully referred to The Philadelphia 
Stenographer, and to future enlarged editions of this work. 

Francis H. Hemperley. 
Philadelphia, Nov. i, 1890. 



Analogical Syllabic Shorthand 

BY 

FRANCIS H. HEMPERLEY. 



Copyrighted 1890. 



i. The consonant sounds of spoken words are represented by the short- 
hand writer by short lines made light and shaded, straight and curved, and 
struck in five different directions, viz : ist, from left to right, horizontally; 
2d, from left to right, obliquely downward ; 3d, from above, downward per- 
pendicularly; 4th, from right to left, obliquely downward ; and 5th, from left 
to right obliquely upward, as in diagram A, Plate I. a. About \ of an inch is 
the standard length for strokes ; T K for half lengths ; ^ for ticks. 

2. The different straight and curved strokes iu each of these five direc- 
tions are shown after B, Plate I, Slope 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. 

3. These simple strokes are modified by halving, doubling, and initial 
and final hooks, circles, loops, and ticks, to represent consonant groups or 
syllables, as shown in Plate I, Lines 1 and following. 

4. The vowel sounds may be arranged in three classes, as follows : 

a. Those heard in the words -peel, pz'll, Faul, poll, bile, boil, are called 

1 st place. 

b. Those heard in the words bale, bd.1, dome, dwmb, are called 2d 

place. 

c. Those heard in the words park, pack, pool, pull, cow, cue, are 

called 3d place. 

5. The Reporter's Rule of Position. — When the first vowel sound of a 
word is a ist place vowel, that fact maybe indicated by writing the first conso- 
nant above the line, which is called the ist position ; if the first vowel sound 
is a 2d place vowel, write the first consonant stroke on the line, which is called 
the 2d position ; if the first vowel sound is & 3d place vowel, write the first 
consonant stroke if it be either of slope 2, 3, 4 or 5, through the line, and if 
it be of slope 1, write it just below the line, which is called the 3d position; 
but all half-length 3d position strokes should be written below the line. 

6. The Universal Vowel. — a. "h. light dot above any stroke of slope 1, 
and at the left of any stroke of slopes 2, 3, 4 or 5, may represent any vowel 
sound heard immediately before the consonant, b. A light dot below any 
stroke of slope 1, and at the right of any stroke of slope 2, 3, 4, 5, may repre- 
sent any vowel sound after the consonant stroke and after the sound of any 
initial modification, but before the sound of any final modification, c. A 
light tick struck at right angles through the centre of any consonant stroke 
may represent any vowel sound immediately between the sound of the stroke 
and an initial el or ar hook. 



7. The Specific Vowel. — The universal vowel, which indicates where the 
vowel occurs, and the position of the first stroke, which indicates to which of 
the vowel groups the first vowel of a word belongs, is all that is generally- 
required by the reporter to identify any word in a complete sentence, but for 
proper names, foreign words, and individual words composed of vowels only, 
it is necessary to indicate the specific vowel sound, which is done as follows : 
The vowel sound in p<?<d is represented by a heavy dot above the line, or at the 
•begin?iing of the stroke ; in pzll, by a light dot ; in Pawl by a heavy tick ; in 
P<?11 by a light tick; in bz'le by an arrow head pointing down; in boil by 
an arrow head pointing up; in bale by a heavy dot at the middle of the stroke, 
or a light horizontal tick on the line ; in b^ll by a light dot ; in d<?me by a 
heavy tick, and in dwmb by a light tick, struck in the most convenient direc- 
tion at the middle of the stroke, or written perpendicularly on the line ; in 
park or pack, by a heavy and light dot at the end of the stroke or below the 
line ; in cow, by an arrow head pointing up at the end of the stroke, or below 
the line, and in cue by a small half circle opening downward at the end of the 
stroke or below the line. These 16 key words are shown in Plate I, Line 17. 
The specific vowel sounds in Pawl, bzle, hoi\, d<?me, cow, and cue, need to be 
expressed more generally than the others, which may be designated by the 
universal vowel. 

8. Abbreviations. — A few very common words are represented by the 
specific vowel in the word, by a circle or loop, or by a part of the outline. 

9. Write all the consonants of a word, joining the second to the end of 
the first, the third to the end of the second, &c, and afterwards, when neces- 
sary, indicate the vowels, a. Initial *" or oi may often be written first, and 
joined to the following stroke, b. The small characters for s, w, y and h, 
cannot be used initially when the word begins with a vowel sound, nor can 
can any modification of the last stroke be used filially when the word ends 
with a vowel sound, c. Between strokes turn the circle for s or z, or ses, in 
the most convenient direction, 



KEY TO PLATE I. 



B 1— K, Gay, M, Emp or Emb ; N, Ing ; 2— P, B, F, V, R, Way; 3— T, D, 
Ith, The, S, Z; 4— Chay, J, Yay, Ish, Zhe; 5— Lay, Ray, Hay. 

Line 1. — Ep, pet, pet-ed ; eb, bed, bed-ed ; et, tet, tet-ed ; ed, ded, ded-ed ; 
etch, chet, chet-ed ; edge, jed, jed-ed ; ek, ekt, ket-ed ; eg, ged, ged-ed ; ef, 
fet, fet-ed. 

Line 2. — ev, ved, ved-ed ; eth, thet, thet-ed ; edh, dhed, dhed-ed ; es, 
set, set-ed, ez, zed, zed-ed ; esh, shet, shet-ed ; ezh, zhed, zhed-ed ; el, let, let- 
ed, eld, eld-ed ; er, ert, ert-ed. 

Line 3.— erd, erd-ed ; ra, ret, ret-ed ; em, met, met-ed, med, med-ed ; 
emp or emb ; en, net, net-ed, ned, ned-ed ; eng ; way, yay, hay, het, het-ed. 



Line 4. — pel, plet ; per, pret ; bel, bled; ber, bred ; tel, telt ; ter, tret ; 
del, deld ; der, dred ; chel, chelt ; cher, chert : jel, jeld ; jer, jerd ; kel, klet ; 
ker, kret. 

Line^. — Gel, gled, ger, gred ; fel, flet, fer, fret; vel, veld, ver, verd ; 
thel, thelt, ther, thret ; dhel, dheld, dher, dherd ; fe-shel, fe-sher, shret ; 
ke-zhel, me-zher, zherd. 

Line 6. — rel, mel, nel ; ler, mer, ner ; twa, dwa, kwa, gwa ; wep, web, 
wet, wed, wetch, wedge, wek, weg ; wef, wev, weth, wedh, wes, wez. 

Line 7. — wesh, wezh, wel, wer, wem, wen, wemp, weng ; yep, yeb, yet, 
yed, yetch, yedge, yek, yeg ; yef, yev, yeth, yedh, yes, yez, yesh, yezh, yel, 
yer, yera, yem. 

Line 8. — yemp, yen, yeng ; hep, heb, het, hed, hetch, hedge, hek, heg ; 
hef, hev, heth, hedh, hes, hez, hesh, hezh, hel, her, hera, hem, hemp, hen, 
heng. • 

Line 9. — pen, pent, pent-ed ; ben, bend, bend-ed ; ten, tent, tent-ed ; den, 
dend, dend-ed ; chen, chent, chent-ed ; jen, jend, jend-ed; ken, kent, kent- 
ed; gen, gend, gend-ed ; fen, fent, fented, fender, fendered ; ven, vend, vend- 
ed ; vender or venter, ventered. 

Line 10. — then, thent, thent-ed, thender, thendered ; dhen,. dhend, dhend- 
ed, dhendered ; esen, esent, esent-ed, esenter, esentered ; zen, zend, zend-ed, 
zender, zendered ; shen, shent, shent-ed, shenter, shentered ; len, lend, lend- 
ed, lender, lendered ; ern, erned, erned-ed, erender, erendered ; men, mend, 
mend-ed. 

Line 11. — mender, mendered ; empen, empend, empend-ed, emper or em- 
ber, emperd or embered ; nen, nent, nent-ed, nenter, nentered; engen, engend; 
engger, or engker, enggered or engkered. 

Line 12, — wayn, waynd, waynd-ed, waynder, wayndered ; yayn, yaynd, 
yaynd-ed, yander, yandered ; hayn, haynd, haynd-ed ; pef, peft, bev, bevd ; 
tef, teft, dev, devd ; chef, cheft, jev, jevd; kef, keft, gev, gevd ; ref, reft. 

Line /j. — hayv, hayved ; peshn, epshn, beshn, ebshn, teshun, deshun, 
cheshun, jeshun, keshn, ekshun, geshun, feshun, veshun, seshun, zeshun, 
sheshun, leshun, ershun, reshun, meshun, embeshun. 

Line 14. — enshun, engshun, wayshun, yayshun, hayshun; thef, thev; pes, 
peses, peseses, pest, pests, pest-ed, pester, pesters, pestered, peseshun, pese- 
shuns, pens, penses, penst, penster, penseshun ; pefs, peshuns. 

Line 15. — fes, feses, fest, fests, fest-ed, fester, festered, feseshun ; fens, 
feshuns ; fents, fenders ; sep, sept, sept-ed ; sepl, splet, sepr, spret ; swep ; 
sef, sefl, sefr, swer, swell, swem. 

Line 16. — swen, enspre, enstre, enskre, ensle, enser ; comets, rcwdes, 
cognzs ; pes-ing, de-ings ; megne-fy, circum-screb ; is or his, us or self, as or 
has, is it, first, as it or has it, is there, selves, as there or has there, e, 1, a, S, 
ah, a, aw, o, o, ii, do, 00, we or with, what, were, would. 

Line 17.— Peal, pill, Paul, Poll, bile, boil ; bale, bell, dome, dumb ; park, 
pack, pool, pull, cow, cue ; he, the or on ; a ; an ; and. 



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EXERCISE I. 

10. Copy diagram A, Plate I, naming each slope as you write it : slope 
i, slope 2, &c. Carefully copy the shorthand* signs in diagram B, Plate I, 
naming each stroke or stem as you write it. Repeat this until they are thor- 
oughly memorized, so that you can name each stem at sight, and write it 
without any hesitation when dictated to you. You should, if possible, ar- 
range with a fellow-student, taking turns in dictating to each other. Do not 
be satisfied until you can write these stems correctly from dictation, in any 
order, at the rate of ioo stems a minute. After all this practice on loose 
paper, make a neat copy in your record book, with the date, and, if you have 
a teacher, make a copy for him, with the date and your name, to be filed, 
with future exercises, as a record of your progress. 

EXERCISE II. 

ii. Copy Plate I, lines I, 2, and 3, as in Exercise I. Name each sign 
as you write it, giving it the name used in the Key, making each sign at least 
five times. Then write from dictation, as before, until you have a speed of 75 
or 80 signs or syllables per minute, putting in the dots and ticks to indicate 
the vowel places. The consonant stems are usually named in the following 
order, which should also be memorized : — P, B, T, D, Cha, J, K, Ga, F, V, 
Ith, The, S, Z, Ish, Zhe, La, R, Ra, M, Emp, N, Ing, Wa, Ya, Ha. a. When 
joined to other stems, La may be written downward, and is then called El ; 
and Ish may be written upward, and is called Shay. 

EXERCISE III. 

12. Beginning with P, join each stem, in turn, to it ; thus P-p, P-b, P-t, 
P-d, as in Plate II, Line 1. Then begin with B, joining all the stems in turn ; 
then begin with T, and so on, until all have, in turn, been joined to each. 
Always name each stem as you zvrite it. Practice on this exercise for accura- 
cy, neatness and speed. Use good quality of paper, and fluid black ink. A 
medium hard, fine pointed gold pen, that suits your hand, is the best, held as 
in longhand. 

EXERCISE IV. 

13. Copy Plate I, Line 17. Memorize the vowel sounds in each word, 
in each position. Study the Reporters' Rule of Position until fully under- 
stood. Write the following words in shorthand, with vowels, and in posi- 
tion, correcting by the Key in Plate II, Lines 2, and following : 



KEY TO PLATE II. 

Line 1. — P-p, p-b, p-t, p-d, p-cha, p j, p-k, p-ga, p-f, p-v, p-ith, p-the, p-s, 
p-z, p-ish, p-zhe, p-la, p-el, p-r, p-ra, p-em, p-emp, p-n, p-ing. 

Line 2. — P-w, p-y, p-h. Ape, pay, aped, pet, petted ; obey, bode, boded ; 
ate, tote, toted ; aid, aided, deed, deeded ; chaw, cheat, cheated. 



II 



Liiie j. — Edge, edged, jaded ; ache, ached, coat, coated, egg, egged, goad, 
goaded, fie, fight, fated ; vow, viewed, evaded, avoided ; oath, thy. 

Line 4. — Thou, that ; ace, east, sue, suit, suited, saw, sought, sigh, sight, 
sighted ; ease, use, used : show, shot, shotted ; lie, light, lighted ; old. 

Line 5. — Fold, folded; ear, oar, art, erred; rye, right, righted, root, root- 
ed ; may, mate, mated ; mode ; pomp, pump, damp. 

Line 6. — Know, note, noted; need, needed; sing, sung, sang; way, away; 
yes, yeast ; hay, hate, hated ; pace, paces. 

Line 7. — Paste, pastes, pasted, posters, pestered ; base, bases, best, bested, 
boasts, boaster, boasters ; teas, teases, tossed, toasts, toasters ; dose. 

Line 8. — Doses, dozes, dust, dusted, dusts, duster, dusters; choose, 
chooses; joys, juices ; cause, cost, costs, causes, caster. 

Line 9. — Goose, guest, guesses, gusts ; fees, feasts, foster, fostered ; voice, 
voices, vesture ; oaths, thesis ; cease, ceases, ceased, assists. 

Line 10. — Assisted ; oozes, zests, shoes, Shuster ; loose, loses, laced, lasted, 
Lester ; ears, arrest, arrested, arises, arrester ; rise. 

Line 11. — Rises, roasts, roasted, rooster ; miss, misses, amassed, master, 
mastered ; imposes, imposed, imposter ; noise. 

Line 12. — Noises, honest, nests, Nester ; songs, songsters; west, waists, 
Worcester, Swiss ; j^esterday ; house, houses, hoist. 

Line ij. — Hoisted, Hester; (Tick vowel word signs) all, all-the, all-a ; 
of, of-the, of-a ; awe ; or, or-the, or-a ; on, on-the, 011-a ; too or two ; to, 
to-the, to-a ; o, oh, or owe ; but, but- the, but-a ; who, who-the. 

Line //. — Who-a ; should, should-the, should-a ; how, how-the, how-a ; 
(Circle and Loop Word Signs) is or his, is-as, is it, is there ; ua or self, selves, 
first ; as or has, as is, as it, as there or as they are ; (Brief Way and Yay Word 
Signs) we or with, were, what, would, ye, beyond. 

Line 15. — Yet, you; I; (Simple Phrases) I-will, I-will-not ; I-am, I-ani- 
not ; I-did, I-did-not ; I-do, I-do-not ; I-had, I-had-not ; I-have, I -have-not ; 
I-was, I-was-not. 

Line 16. — He-was, he-may, he-will; the-first, the-day, the-same ; is-the, 
as-the ; he-is, he-has ; and-the or he, and-a ; and-we or with, and- were, and- 
what, and would ; and if, and for, and you. 

Line 17. — And when, and why, and-do-you, and-will-you ; they -were, 
they-were-not ; it-would-not-be, it-could-not-be ; it-can-not-be ; we shall-not- 
go, we-shall-not-come ; you-are-not. 

Line 18. — You-will-not ; with-him, with-her, with-your, we-are, we-will, 
we-may or with-me, we-may-not-be, we-can-not-say, we-were-not, you-were, 
you-would-be, what- would-be. 

Line 19. — Do-you-know ; are-you-sure ; and-all, and-of, on-all-the, be- 
yond-the, with-the, with-a, what-the, what-a, would-the, would-a. 

[Note. — The tick for the, he, may be struck up or down, and joined to a 
preceding ox following word. The joined tick for a, an, and, may be written 
down, when convenient. The tick for or and but should not be joined, when 
the a-an-and tick could not be joined horizontally.] 



EXERCISE V. 

14. Join the L and R hook stems in Lines 4 and 5, Plate I, to each simple 
stem, as in Ex. Ill, thus : p-pl, p-pld, p-pr, p-prd, &c. Note that pel is turned 
over to become per; fel is turned over to become fer; shel is made up, and 
never stands alone ; rel t mel, nel, and ler (Line 6, Plate I), have large hooks ; 
mer and ner are shaded. R, W, S, Z, Y, Ing, and Emp, do not take initial 
hooks. Tway, dway, kway, and gway, have large hooks. Brief way is pre- 
fixed so as to form a hook on la, ra, em, and en. Note that la and ra each 
have two initial hooks, and em and en each have three; wel, ler, wer, rel, mel, 
mer, went, nel, ner, wen. Brief yay, like brief way, iss, and hay, is joined to 
all the simple stems, and is always read before any initial vowel. 

EXERCISE VI. 

15. Write the following words in shorthand, with vowels, and in position, 
correcting by the Key in Plate III, Lines 1-14. Memorize the word signs in 
Lines 14-19. 



KEY TO PLATE III. 

Line J. — Play, plate, plated, people, peopled ; pray, prate, prated, stopper, 
stoppered ; blow, blood, blooded, babble, babbled ; bray, braid, braided, labor, 
labored. 

Line 2. — Tell, told, tattle, tattled; tree, treat, treated, tatter, tattered; 
dray, dread, dreaded, fodder, foddered ; Mitchell, pitcher ; cudgel, cudgeled ; 
badger, badgered ; cloy, clot. 

Line 3. — Clotted; buckle, buckled; crow, crate, crated, create, created ; 
sticker ; glow, glide, glided, boggle, boggled, gray. 

Line 4. — Grade, graded, figure, figured ; flow, float, floated, baffle, baffled ; 
fray, freight, freighted, offer, offered ; loafer, Stafford ; evil, value, valued. 

Lines. — Level, leveled; very, avert, averted, cover, covered; Ethel, Be- 
thel ; throw, throat, cathartic; brothel, either, bother, bothered. 

Line 6. — Special, specialty; insure, insured, short ; casual, visual, meas- 
ure, measured ; rumor, rumored, mortal, immortal. 

Line 7. — Tanner, honored, moral, immoral ; relate; camel, Hummel, tun- 
nel, canal ; collar, nailor. 

Line 8. — Twice, dwell, quaker, require, query, guano, lingual ; saddle, 
sadder, supple, supper, sickle, sicker. 

Line 9. — Weep, sweep, web, swab, wet, sweet, wade, swede, witch, switch, 
wedge, swedge, walk, wag, swag, wife, wave, suave. 

Line 10. — Withe, swath, ways, Swiss, wash, swish, wampum, wing, swing, 
well, swell, wear, swear, Wimple, swim, wane, swain. 

Line II. — Yates, Yeddo, yoke, unyoke, youth, yes, yesterday, Yale, yel- 
low, yore, yard, yarrow, yarn, yawn, young, yahoo. 

Line 12. — Hop, hopper, hopple ; hob ; hot, hotter, hotel ; hod , hitch, 
hatchel ; huge ; hack, hackle, hickory; hag, haggle, Hagar; hoof, heifer. 



13 



Line 13. — Hive, hovel, hover ; heath, heather : hiss, Hester, hazy; hash ; 
whole, halo; hear, hair, hire, heart, hard ; hero ; him, hem, ham. 

Line 14.. — Hemp ; hen; hung , hinder; Henderson ; hand, hindoo, handy. 
{Simple stem word signs) — Opportunity, hope, happy; object, be, to be; ought, 
it, at or out ; dollar, do, had. 

Line 75. — Each, which, much; joy, advantage, large; kingdom, Co.; to- 
gether; form or if, for, half; ever, have; think, hath; them, though; use; 
ease, was, use, wish or she, shall, issue ; usual ; will, allow ; our ; are ; am ; 
important or importance. 

Line 16. — Maybe; in or any, know, own; thing, language; why, way, 
away; your; high. ( Way hook word signs) — While or we will, well ; we are, 
where, aware ; we may or with me, or with my; when or we know, one. (Con- 
tractions) — Knowledge, acknowledge. 

Line ij. — Anything, disadvantage, familiar, familiarity, forever, never, 
nevertheless, notwithstanding, objected, objector, peculiar, peculiarity, regu- 
lar, irregular, represent, represented. 

Line 18. — Something, whenever, wherever, until, call, difficult, principle, 
surprise, member or remember, number, truth, dear, during, care, from, over, 
very or every, either, other, pleasure, sure. 

Line 19 — Mr., mere or remark, more, near, nor or honor, manner. 



The following is a statement of all the possible modifications of a conso- 
nant stroke, and the order in which they should be read : 

1. The in hook. 

2. The initial circle or loop (iss, ses, or ste/i.) 

3. An initial brief consonant (weh or wuh, yeh or yuh, heh.) 

4. The initial vowel, which is always read immediately before the stroke. 

5. The consonant stroke itself. 

6. A medial vowel, represented \>y a tick struck through the stroke and 
and read immediately after the stroke and before an initial L, or R hook. 

7. An initial L hook, R hook, or large Way hook. 

8. A final vowel. 

9. A final hook, which may be an N-hook or a shun hook, For V hook. 

10. The modification of halving or lengthening. Halving adds Tor D, 
and lengthening adds tr, dr, or thr. 

11. A final circle or loop (iss, ses, steh or ster). 

12. The final eshon hook. 

13. An additional circle for 5 after the eshon hook. 

Of course, these various modifications cannot possibly occui in connection 
with any one consonant stroke, at the same time. They may all occur at dif- 
ferent times, more or less of them at one time, in connection with the various 
consonant strokes. They are always to be read in the order named above. Thus, 
it will be evident that if an outline begin with any modification of a stroke, 
excepting the L, R, or large Way hook, such word cannot possibly begin with 
a vowel sound, and it is also evident that if a word end with a vowel souno, 
its outline must end with a full length consonant stroke, without any final 
modification. 



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EXERCISE VII. 

1 6. Copy Plate IV, transcribing the words into longhand, and correcting 
by the following Key. Afterwards write in shorthand the same w 7 ords, revis- 
ing by the Plate. The Business Letters should be transcribed into longhand, 
and revised by your teacher, and, after correction, they should te written in 
shorthand, at first slowly and carefully, revising by the Key until there are no 
errors, and then they should be written in shorthand from dictation many 
times, until they can be written rapidly and accurately. They should be writ- 
ten on the typewriter from the shorthand notes, and critically revised by some 
competent person, until they are absolutely perfect as to form, spelling, punc- 
tuation, etc. Do not give up this practice until they can be written on the 
typewriter, without error, at the rate of at least 40 words per minute. 

Line 1. Pain, paint, painted, painter, pandered ; bane, bend, bended, 
bender ; tone, tend, tended, tender, tendered ; dine, dent, dented, dander ; 
chain, chained. 

Line 2. — Chanted, chanter; Jane, joined, jointed, joinder; coin, count, 
counted, counter, countered ; gone, gained, gander ; fine. 

Line 3. — Found, founded, founder, foundered ; vine, vend, vended, vender, 
ventured ; thin, thinned, thunder, thundered ; then, then-they-are. 

Line 4. — Assign, ascend, ascended, ascender ; zone; shun, shunned ; loan, 
lend, landed, lender, laundered ; earn, surround, surrounded, surrender, sur- 
rendered. 

Line 3. — Mean, mend, mender ; impugn, impugned, impounded, im- 
pounder ; temper, tempered ; none, anoint, anointed. 

Ltne 6. — None-there ; finger, fingered ; swoon, swooned ; puff, puffed ; 
beef ; tough ; stuff, stuffed, stuff-their. 

Line 7. — Dive, dived ; chaff, chaffed ; Jove ; cough, coughed ; give, gift, 
gifted, give-their; reef, reefed; hive, hived. 

Line 8. — Option, potion, station, contrition, edition, caution, action, fash- 
ion, vision, session, association, lotion, oration, proportion, preparation. 

Line p. — Motion, ambition, nation, sanction, sanctioned; think-of, they- 
have. [Prefixes] convey, complain, cognition ; reconsider, uncomplaining, 
recognition. 

Line 10. — Accomplish, circumscribe, circumlocution, circumference, selfi 
respect, self-esteem ; controvert, contraband, contradict, countersign, counter- 
act. 

Line 11. — Decompose, discontinue, forefather, foreclose, introduce, .enter- 
tain, interfere, reconcile, irreconcile, magnify, magnetic, magnesia. 

Line 12. — Noncontent, unrecompensed, unconscious. [Affixes] fashion- 
able, fashionableness , careful, carefulness, carelessness, wherefore, "knowingly. 

Line ij. — "Responsibility, mainly, instrumentality, courtship, wheresoever, 
whatsoever, howsoever, whensoever. 



17 



EXERCISE VIII. 

17. In order to make easy joinings between consonants, the reporter often 
omits certain sounds, like 5 and k, and others ; but this must be done cautiously 
and sparingly at first, by the young writer. The following words and phrases 
will illustrate the principle : 

PLATE IV— Line 13. Postpone, passenger, instrurtion, destrurtion. 

Line 14. Describe, transcribe ; close (of the) week ; day (of the) year ; 
one (of the) most ; one (of the) best, one (of the) worst; (from) day (to) day; 
(from) time (to) time; (from) hour (to) hour ; (from) week (to) week. 

Line 75. Such (a) case ; for (a) long time ; more (and) more ; again (and) 
again ; one (or) two ; two (or) three , three or four ; four or five ; five or six ; 
six or seven. 

Line 16. Eight or ten. 

EXERCISE IX. 

18. A few special phrases are here given, which the student may memo- 
rise. Every reporter will make more or less of these for himself. 

PL A TE LV. — Line 16. Do you mean to say? according to that ; as well 

as (you, they, he, she, or I) can ; as far as ( ) can ; should (have) been ; 

must (have) been ; would (have) been ; said (to) have been ; ought (to) have 
been ; which have been. 

Line 17. — They have been ; they have not been ; how long, how far, how 
soon, how many, where do you reside ? when did you go there ? how long did 
you stay there ? when did you get there ? 

LAne /g. What can there be ? Can there not, could not, who goes there? 
who comes there ? because there is, as there is not, was there not ? is there as? 
Oh, yes, there are ; as long as there are. 

IN PHRASING, Iv may represent all, will. 



R " 


were, or. 


Ray 


or, our, are. 


N-hook " 


than, own, in, on. 


V-hook " 


of, have, to-have, if, ever 


halving " 


it. 


doubling ,% 


there, their, they are. 



Many reporters also use the L and R-hooks to represent all, will; are,' 
were, and or, but we think it simpler to indicate an added word by an added 
sign. In the end simplicity will secure speed and legibility, and, therefore, 
real brevity. 



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20 



EXERCISE X. 

REPORTING EXPEDIENTS. 

19. a. Enlarging an S-circle may add any S-circle word sign. 
PLATE V— Line 1. Pays, pays-his, gives, gives-ns, tells, tells-us, tells- 
us-his, this, this-is, this-is-as. 

b. Enlarging an S-circle to a small loop may add it and sometimes to. 
(Line 1, b.) He-feels-it-his duty ; he-tries-to ; as-near-as-(I, you, he) can fix- 
it ; finds-his. 

c. Enlarging an S-circle to a large loop may add there, their, they are, and 
s ometimes other. (Line 2, c.) It-is- their own fault, so-long-as-they-are, these- 
other. 

d. Repeating a brief W word sign may add any other brief W word sign. 
(Line 2, d.) we-were, were-we, we-would, were-what, what-would, would-we, 
what-we. 

e. Enlarging a brief W word sign may add you ox your. 
Line 2, e. With-you-r, were-you-r, what-you-r, would-you-r 

f. Enlarging the word sign for you may add would or were. 
Line 3, f. I-wish-you-would, when-you-were, if-you-would-go. 

g. Shading the final tick for the may add r to represent their, they-are, and 
sometimes other. The Ther tick is useful after half lengths, double lengths, 
brief W and Y word signs, circles and loops. It may take an N or V hook to 
add own, not, have, and. fore. (Line 3, g:) with-their, with-their-own, were- 
there, were-there-not, what- they-are, would-therefore, when-where-you-there, 
she-was-not-there, after-they-are, after-they-were-there. 

h. A small hook inside the shun hook may represent of. (Line 4, h.) this 
condition-of things, on-the occasion-of, during-the latter portion-of-the. 

i. Some reporters make use of the principle of intersection for contract- 
ing frequently recurring words and phrases. We have found the following of 
value : (Line 4, i.) Democratic-party, the-same-party, National-bank, embank- 
ment, call-attention, (Line 5) immediate-attention, Post-Omce-Department, 
Treasury-Department, our-agent, railroad-company, Life-Insurance-compan}^ 
English-Government, go-forth, set-forth, platform, (Line 6) Temperance So- 
ciety, Building Association, Pa. Railroad Co., Coal-and-Iron Co., Land-Title- 
and-Trust-Co. 

j. To and sometimes to-the may be omitted, in which case the first stroke 
of the following word should be written just below the line. (Line 6,/.) I- 
have (to) say, I-hope (to) say, I-hope (to) pay-you, I-wish (to) ask-you, (to the) 
best (of) my-knowledge (and) belief, he-was (to) give-us-his opinion. 



EXERCISE XI. 

20. Positive and Negative words are often best distinguished by doubling 
the initial consonant of the latter class. 

PLATE V— Line 7. Legal, illegal, licit, illicit, legible, illegible, litera- 
cy, illiteracy, resolute, irresolute, relative, irrelative, (Line 8) responsible, irre- 
sponsible, resistable, irresistable, reproachable, irreproachable, necessary, un- 
necessary, modest, immodest, moderate, immoderate, (Line 9) moral, immoral, 
material, immaterial, mortal, immortal, natural, unnatural, noxious, innoxious. 



21 



2i. Distinguished Words. — Many words of similar consonants are dis- 
tinguished by difference of outline, some by difference of position, and others 
by the insertion of a vowel. (Line 10). Pupil, papillae, compatible, comput- 
able, pitiable, patted, appetite, potato, optic, poetic, appetence, aptness, petti- 
ness, petrify, putrify, patron, pattern, poker, epicure (Line n) passionate, patient, 
penury, opener, pioneer, platoon, platina, palatine, plotter, paltry, pledge, apol- 
ogy. P illa g e » pledger, plagiary, pillager, (Line 12) palace, appeals, policy, com- 
pletion, compilation, propose, purpose, appropriation, preparation, proportion, 
pretend, portend, prediction, production, predication, (Line 13) perfection, prov- 
ocation, proffer, prefer, periphery, previous, pervious, peruse, pursue, poorest, 
parasol, purest, prosecute, persecute, present, (Line 14) personate, pursuant, par- 
cel, Prussia, Persia, prance, appearance, prince, princes, princess, beautify, be- 
atify, boggier, beguiler, boast, biased, beset,' bestow, (Line 15) blabber, belabor, 
blossom, balsam, bribe, barb, Brighton, Brittany, brook, barrack, breath, birth, 
abortion, aberration, (Line 16) brine, briny, born, barony, brand, burnt, Baro- 
net, brunette, brandy, barley, barrel, bushel, barely, barilla, (Line 17) brilli- 
ance, brilliancy, burliness, briar, brewer, briary, brewery, borrower, talked, 
ticket, attacked, etiquette, tossed, testy, outset, tanner, tenure, (Line 18) trai- 
tor, trader, Tartar, treater, territory, trough, trophy, tariff, terrify, trust, trus- 
tee, truest, tourist, tarriest, attrition, contortion, iteration. 

PL A TE VI — Line /. Train, attorney, turn, tureen, tea-urn, tyrrany, 
Trinity, eternity, daughter, auditor, debtor, editor, doubtor, auditory, detour, 
[Line 2] defence, defiance, defer, defray, devour, defier, adverse, diverse, des- 
tination, distinction, disease, decease, diminish, [Line 3] admonish, diminu- 
tion, admonition, domination, dimension, damnation, condemnation, idleness, 
dullness, expression, expiration [Line 4] execration, excursion, excoriation, 
corporal, corporeal, credence, accordance, garden, guardian, factor, [Line 5] 
factory, funeral, funereal, farm, frame, forum, forward, froward, evidence, 
avoidance, event, vignette, [Line 6] vanity, valuation, evolution, violation, 
convulsion, avert, virtue, verity, spirit, support, separate, state, city, stood, 
stead, steady, station, [Line 7] situation, citation, start, stored, essayist, siesta, 
senator, sentry, century, signs, science, assigns, assignees, sinner, sneer, [Line 
8] scenery, assigner, impassioned, impatient, emotion, mission, motion, emis- 
sion, machine, machinery, missionary, monster, [Line 9] minister, murder, 
marauder, indication, induction, indefinite, undefined, endless, needless, una- 
voidable, inevitable, [Line 10] honest, nasty, labored, elaborate, righteous- 
ness, riotousness, writer, rioter, orator, rotary, rector, erector, [Line 11] 
review, arrive, resume, reassume, resource, racehorse, ruinous, erroneous, 
roller, ruler, earlier, rare, [Line 12] error, Highland, Holland, Holy Land, 
hymen, humane, human, hominy, 300, 8,000, 10,000,000, 400,000,000. 
[Line 13]. We-\vere with-you when-he expressed-his opinion on-the-subject. 
Would-you care [to] go on-the-journey with-him? You-vvere kind and [con- 
siderate in-your-treatment [of the] messenger who-came [Line 14] with-you. 
Until-their-case is-disposed-of nothing can-be-done for-him. By-their own- 
statement they-would-have succeeded had-he been-there as-promised. They- 
will-be down-there on-or- before [Line 15] Saturday of next-week. It-was at- 
their own suggestion we-were-there on-the first day-of-the month. Until-they- 
are [of the] same opinion [con]cern[ing] the-matter, [to] which I-referred it- 
will-be to-their [Line 16] interest [to] remain at-home. If-you-have time you 
had better come this- way: however, we-can-not promise [to] give-you our an- 
swer before Tuesday. [Line 17] There-are-more-things in-heaven-and-earth 
than -are dreamed of in-your-philosophy. Upon-their statement on-the wit- 
witness-stand I-am-sure they-will-be [con]victed [of the] crime with-which 
[Line 18] they-have-been charged. "With-their-permission you-may take-the 
book from- the library and-keep-it nntil-their-return. 



22 



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Key to Business Correspondence. 

The student should carefully translate the shorthand notes, if possible, 
without referring to the key, using it, however, to correct the translation.. He 
should then write the letters in shorthand from the key, and correct all errors, 
being especially careful to get the outlines in proper position, of the proper 
length, and all the stems of the correct siope. He should not attempt to write 
rapidly until he can write correctly. He should write each letter in shorthand 
until he can do so without any errors. He should then write the letters from 
dictation, having them read to him only as fast as he can conveniently follow 
and make good shorthand notes. He should transcribe his notes on the type- 
writer, and carefully correct all errors, and rewrite until they are absolutely 
perfect in respect of spelling, punctuation, and general appearance. This 
dictation practice should be kept up on these letters until they can be written 
at the rate of one hundred words a minute and read back without any hesita- 
tion from the notes, and the typewriting practice should be persevered in until 
the letters can be written at the rate of forty words a minute. 



No. i. — A Young 'Western Firm Asking to Open 
an Account. 

Akron, Minn., Nov. 2, 1889. 
25 Messrs. A. & J. Webster & Co., New York. | 

Dear Sirs : — We beg to inform you that we started business last 

February, in this thriving town, and have already succeeded in building up 

50 a I large amount of trade in groceries, hardware, etc. We find it advisable 

75 to add a moderate line of staple dry goods to our stock, there | being 

sufficient demand for these goods to make it profitable for us to keep them. 

100 Our friend, Mr. Johnson, ol the firm of Carter & | Johnson, of St. Paul, 

informs us that they have dealt with you for some years, and recommends 

25 us to open correspondence with you with a | view of ascertaining your 

prices and terms. We beg to refer you to Messrs. Wise & Co., of your city, 

50 from whom we obtain our | hardware, and to Messrs. Black & Graham, 

wholesale grocers. Both of these firms have offered us all the encourage- 

75 ment that we could expect, to aid | us in increasing our facilities, and we 

hope that you will extend to us your best co-operation and support in our 

200 enterprise. We look forward | to a large and steadily increasing trade next 

year, and we feel sure that your interests as well as our own will be for- 

25 warded by | making your terms as liberal as you can consistently afford. 

Awaiting the favor of an early reply, we are, 

Yours respectfully, 
249 Bartlett & Craig. 



50 No. 2. I — Favorable Reply to the Foregoing. 

New York, Nov. 7, 1889. 
Messrs. Bartlett & Craig, Akron, Minn. 
75 Dear Sir: — We beg to acknowledge the receipt of | your favor of 2d 

inst., which was not altogether unexpected by us, as Messrs. Carter & 
300 Johnson have already made favorable mention of your firm | in a letter of 
recent date. 



3i 

We have always made it a rule to make thorough inquiries before 

25 opening an account with parties hitherto unknown | to us, and from the 

information we have gathered from the firms to whom you refer we assure 

50 you that you have our hearty wishes | for success, and we feel entirely 

justified in offering you all the accomodation we can afford. 

75 We suppose that you will require for your spring | opening a general 

stock of at least #500. We enclose herewith our regular price list — and we 

400 will allow you on your first stock order a special discount of five percent., 

payable by your notes, one-half at four months, balance at six months from 

25 date of invoice. We assure | you that these are exceptionably liberal 

terms, but we offer them from a desire to do what we can to encourage a 

50 new firm whose | record for energy and enterprise appears so satisfactory 

as your own. We are, Yours respectfully, 

A. & J. Webster & Co. 

75 No. 3. — Unfavorable Reply | to the Foregoing. 

New York, Nov. 8, 1889. 

Messrs. Bartlett & Craig, Akron, Minn. 

500 Dear Sirs: — Your favor of 2d inst. to hand this day. | Although we 

are always pleased to open out new channels of business, we would strongly 

25 advise you to draw your supplies of dry goods from | some point nearer 

to you. Your orders could hardly be large enough to bear the cost of 

50 expressage, which would be sufficient, on small packages, | to place you 

at a great disadvantage in competing with those around you in the same 

75 line. We should think that Messrs. Carter & Johnson, | of St. Paul, could 

fill your orders to advantage, as they do a large jobbing trade, and get 

600 their goods in bulk by freight line | at a greatly reduced rate as compared 

with express charges. We are, Yours respectfully, 

620 A. & J. Webster & Co. 

25 No. 4. — Cautious Reply | to the Same. 

New York, Nov. 8, 1889. 
Messrs. Bartlett & Craig, Akron, Minn. 
50 Dear Sirs : — Your favor of 2d inst. reached us in due course. | We 

are always favorably impressed with the energy and enterprise of those 
75 who undertake the arduous task of starting in business in the far West. | 
The greatest drawback to those who engage in the dry goods trade in the 
700 smaller Western settlements consists in the price and quality of the | goods 
which they require to meet their customers' wants. On such goods the 
25 margin is so.small that it would be impossible for us to | give any length 
of time for settlements, as the loss of interest would almost wipe out the 
50 profit. In cases similar to your own we | have usually required transac- 
tions to be entirely cash, but, in order to give you the best advantages we 
75 can afford, we will fill your orders | on the basis of half cash, balance at 
sixty days from date of shipment. 
800 We enclose herewith a full price list, by which you will | see that our 

rates are marked down to the lowest figures — our line of domestics being: 
25 quoted at only a fractional advance on mill prices. | We are, 

Yours respectfully, 
835 A. & J, Webster & Co. 

No. 5. — First Order from Western Firm. 

Akron, Minn., Nov. 12, 1889. 
50 Dear Sirs : — Your | esteemed favor of 7th inst. is received. We 

thank you for the liberal terms you are pleased to offer us and we shall 
75 use our | best endeavors to prove ourselves deserving of the confidence 
reposed in us. 



32 

Please send us by Merchants' Dispatch, the following goods, at the 
900 prices quoted | in your list: — 

60 pieces selected Merrimac prints, including about 10 pieces good, 
serviceable, dark patterns for household uses. 
23 5 pieces each of Wamsutta shirtings, | as marked on your price list 

enclosed herewith. 

5 pieces each of the New York Mills muslins, as marked on list. 
50 2 pieces each of | the unbleached muslins on your list. 

40 pieces assorted ginghams. 
2 pieces each of the flannels, marked. 
75 10 pieces each, blue, green and white mosquito netting, | all of the 

best quality. 

Please also send us a sufficient supply of Clark's O. N. T. spool cotton 
1000 to entitle us to two counter | cases, one for white and black, the other 
for assorted colors and shades. You will find on the list a number of 
25 sundries with check | marks against them, the quantity being left to your 
discretion — only best quality of each, and not more than sufficient for our 
first needs. 
50 We I do not think we have shelf-room enough as yet to warrant any 

75 stock of dress goods, and, therefore, prefer not to order any this | time. 
We have to trespass largely on your aid and experience in regard to 
1 100 the selection of goods until we have felt our way somewhat | in the new 
department of our business, and we hope you will excuse the extra 
trouble we place upon you. We are, 

Yours respectfully, 
25 Bartlett I & Craig. 

1127 

No. 6. — Acknowledging Receipt of Goods. 

Akron, Minn., Dec. 5, 1889. 
Dear Sirs : — The goods, as per invoice of November 18th, arrived 
50 yesterday | in excellent condition, and we are pleased to find them satis- 
factory in all respects. We beg to thank you for the good judgment you 
75 have I brought to bear in selecting the goods, displaying a very correct 
estimate of the styles and patterns suitable for our market. We hope that 
1200 you I will continue in the future to bestow the same care and discrimina- 
25 tion in the way of selection and packing as you have done in this | 
instance. 

No. 7. — Complaining of Price and Quality of Goods. 

Dear Sirs : — The goods invoiced to us November 18th arrived to- 
50 day. We are sorry to | note that the contents of the case of prints are not 
75 at all as they should be. Some of the patterns are very defective, both | 
in design and colors, and the quality of all of them is quite inferior, the 
1300 same grade of goods being offered all around us at | the same price that 
you charge us for them, so that we shall be unable to make enough on 
them even to pay freight. 
25 We I are sure that there must have been some mistake in packing 

these prints, and believe that you will find, on investigation, that this has 
50 been | the case. 

You will greatly oblige us by advising us in regard to this matter by 
75 return mail, as we prefer to hold them until | we get further information 
from you respecting them. 

No. 8. — Reply to Complaint of Overcharges. 

1400 Dear Sirs : — We are sorry to find from your favor [ of 5th inst. that 

we have given you cause for dissatisfaction in regard to the case of prints 

25 forwarded to you November 18th. On examination | of our stock and 

sales books we find, to our surprise and regret, that a mistake was made 



33 

50 in pricing those goods. The error was | made either by the order clerk, 

who called them off, or the entry clerk, who charged them. It matters 

75 not, as far as you are | concerned, which was to blame, but we request 

you to charge us with one cent per yard overcharge on the entire thirty 

1500 pieces, making $12 i altogether. 

Hoping you will accept our apologies for the mistake and for the 
trouble it has caused, 
1519 We are, 

No. 9. 

25 Dear Sirs: — The three | cases of goods you shipped to us Novem- 

ber 18th have just arrived, and as far as regards selection and quality are 
50 entirely satisfactory. But we | find, on comparing the goods with the 
invoice, that only nine of the thirteen pieces of ginghams charged have 
75 been sent, and one piece of 4/4 Wamsutta shirting has also been omitted. 
As the cases were completely full and in perfect order, the above-men- 
1600 "tioned goods must have been left | out in packing. 

Please forward them at once, with a sufficient quantity of the same 
goods to fill a small case. 

25 No. 10. — Reply to | Complaint of Shortages. 

Dear Sirs: — Your favor of 5th inst. is to hand. We cannot account 

50 for the omission of the piece of Wamsutta and | four pieces of ginghams 

in packing your goods. We forward them to-day as you request, and 

75 enclose bill of similar goods, which have been put | in to fill a small case. 

Regretting that any such mistake should have been made by us, 

We are, 

1700 No. 11. — Complaining of High Prices. | 

Dear Sirs: — Invoice and bill of lading of goods shipped to us per 

Merchants' Dispatch on December 24th, are to hand. On comparing the 

25 prices | with those charged us in invoice of November 18th, we note an 

50 advance of Yz cent on all the ginghams and prints, and as our | orders 

called for the same patterns and qualities as before, we conclude that there 

has been an error in making out our invoice. 

75 Our trade | lies chiefly with the farmers and their families, who come 

to Akron to make their purchases — a class of buyers who are keenly 

1800 alive to | their own interests. A very slight rise in our prices is equiva- 

25 lent to losing a portion if not all of their patronage, and as we | have to 

compete with other firms in this town we are compelled to mark our goods 

50 down to the lowest remunerative figures. It will be | some days before 

our cases arrive, and we hope that meanwhile you will have rectified any 

75 error you find in our invoice, so that we | can offer the goods referred to 

at the same prices as we are now selling them. We are, 

Yours respectfully, 

Bartlett & Craig. 

1900 No. 14. I 

Gentlemen: — We are informed by Messrs. A. & J. Webster & Co., 
25 of your city, that they shipped by your line, December 24th, three cases | 
of goods addressed to us. In due course they should have reached us 
50 some days ago, and their failure to arrive is putting us to | great incon- 
venience and loss of sales. Please inform us immediately the cause of the 
detention, and deliver them at the earliest possible moment. 
75 We are. | 

Yours respectfully. 
1977 



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